Description of Test: T.O.V.A.® (Test of Variables of Attention) is a
computerized visual continuous performance test developed for assessing
attention and impulse control, and for monitoring the effect of stimulant
medication. The EEG Expert Report on T.O.V.A.® is specifically intended for use
by neurofeedback clinicians for assessment and monitoring the effects of EEG
training.
The primary variables of attention are derived from the total 22-minute test,
during which the subject must respond to targets and not respond to non-targets.
Sustained Attention reflects Omission Errors, which occur when
the subject does not respond to the target. This is a sensitive measure in
children, teenagers and the elderly, but is too easy for non-impaired adults who
generally make no omission errors.
Impulse Control, reflects Commission Errors, which occur when
the subject incorrectly responds to the non-target.
Speed of Response reflects Response Time, the processing time
that it takes to respond correctly to a target.
Consistency of Response reflects Variability of Response Time,
the standard deviation of correct response times.
RESULTS
Data
Norm ± SD
#S.D.
Standard Score
Sustained Attention
0.9 %
0.15 ±
0.32
2.44
63
Impulse Control
4.1
%
1.85 ±
2.33
0.94
86
Speed of Response
303
ms
432.06 ±
41.57
-3.10
147
Consistency of Response
83
ms
79.56 ±
17.37
0.20
97
These results, compared to same gender, same age, and average IQ group, are
reported as standard deviations and standard scores. The standard deviation
indicates the extent of a problem (or deviation from the norm). The normal range
is between -1 and +1 standard deviations. The standard score also compares these
results to the norm. One standard deviation equals 15 standard score points. The
normal range of standard scores is 85 to 115. Scores below 80 are considered
significantly below average, and scores above 120 are considered significantly
above average.
Results table is calculated based on total of all quarters. Clinically
significant standard scores (< 80) are printed in red. Standard scores
significantly above average (> 120) are printed in green.
T.O.V.A. results are confidential.
T.O.V.A.® is a trademark of Universal Attention Disorders, Inc. The EEG
Expert report on T.O.V.A. is the product and responsibility of EEG Expert.
Universal Attention Disorders has no involvement in, and bears no responsibility
for, the generation of this report or its findings.
This information is
presented for reference only and is not designed to be a diagnosis, or a
suggestion for a course of treatment. This information is intended solely for
use by an experienced biofeedback professional.
EEG EXPERT REPORT ON T.O.V.A.® Visual Test
Page 2
Name: Example Subject Date:
02/15/02 Session: 01
RAW DATA
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
H1
H2
T
Omission Errors
1
1
1
0
2
1
3
Commission Errors
3
0
5
5
3
10
13
Response Time (ms)
371
ms
370
ms
292
ms
275
ms
371
ms
283
ms
303
ms
Variability (ms)
100
ms
73
ms
77
ms
62
ms
88
ms
70
ms
83
ms
STANDARD SCORES
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
H1
H2
T
Omission Errors (%)
2.8 %
2.8 %
0.8 %
0.0 %
2.8 %
0.4 %
0.9
%
Standard Score
43
0
87
104
0
90
63
Commission Errors (%)
2.4 %
0.0 %
15.2
%
13.9
%
1.2 %
14.5
%
4.1
%
Standard Score
86
106
77
89
90
83
86
Response Time (ms)
371
ms
370
ms
292
ms
275
ms
371
ms
283
ms
303
ms
Standard Score
133
127
141
151
130
148
147
Variability (ms)
100
ms
73 ms
77 ms
62 ms
88 ms
70 ms
83
ms
Standard Score
82
97
100
105
89
104
97
OTHER RESPONSES
Q1
Q2
Q3
Q4
H1
H2
T
Anticipatory Responses (%)
0.0 %
0.0 %
9.9 %
1.9 %
0.0 %
5.9 %
2.9
%
Non-targets (#)
0
0
3
0
0
3
3
Targets (#)
0
0
13
3
0
16
16
Multiple Responses (#)
0
0
1
0
0
1
1
Post-commission RT (ms)
334
ms
none
412
ms
351
ms
334
ms
381
ms
374
ms
Quarters 1 and 2 (first half) represent the target-infrequent or
boring task.
Quarters 3 and 4 (second half) represent the target-frequent or high
response demand task.
Anticipatory Responses occur within 200 milliseconds of any stimulus
(target or non-target)
Multiple Responses reflect more than one response to a stimulus.
Post-commission Response Time is the response time immediately
following a commission error.
Clinically significant scores are printed in red. Standard scores
significantly above average are printed in green. Invalid Quarters, Halves
and Totals have gray background color and are in font style like this
'italic'.
EEG EXPERT REPORT ON T.O.V.A.® Visual Test
Page 3
Name: Example Subject Date:
02/15/02 Session: 01
Barchart values are limited between 40 and 130.
EEG EXPERT REPORT ON T.O.V.A.® Visual Test
Page 4
Name: Example Subject Date:
02/15/02 Session: 01
EEG EXPERT REPORT ON T.O.V.A.® Visual Test
Page 5
Name: Example Subject Date:
02/15/02 Session: 01
Legend:
red = client data
Triangle = mean of client's response
times blue = norm data
Filled circle = norm of response times of same
age group and gender
EEG EXPERT REPORT ON T.O.V.A.® Visual Test
Page 6
Name: Example Subject Date:
02/15/02 Session: 01
Interpretation of Results
I. VALIDITY MEASURES
→ There were no invalid quarters.
II. TOTAL SCORES:
→ Omission Errors are significantly greater than average, indicating
significant inattention (low sustained attention).
→ Post Commission Response Time is faster than average correct
Response Time in quarter(s) 1 and 2. A Post Commission Response Time
is the response time immediately following a Commission Error. People typically
slow down after a Commission Error. Speeding up after a Commission Error
indicates increased speed with increased attention after an error. This might
indicate that Commission Errors are resulting from inattention rather than over
arousal, and might reflect lack of frontal control and possibly under arousal.
Look at graph of response times to see whether Commission Errors are faster
(impulsive) or slower (inattentive) than average.
III. SCORES BY HALF:
→ First half sustained attention scores are
significantly below average. This is the boring task
(target-infrequent condition), and poor scores in the first half indicate
under-arousal and difficulty maintaining attention and control.
→ Standard scores for sustained attention, speed
of response and consistency of response are significantly worse in the
first half than the second half. The first half is the boring task
(target-infrequent condition). Lower scores in the first half may indicate
under-arousal and greater difficulty attending during a boring task.
IV. SCORES BY QUARTER:
→ First Quarter sustained attention standard
scores are significantly below average.
→ Second Quarter sustained attention standard
scores are significantly below average.
→ Third Quarter impulse control standard scores
are significantly below average.
→ Standard scores for sustained attention are
significantly worse in quarter 2 than quarter 1. This indicates an inability
to maintain attention under boring conditions, and may indicate frontal lobe
dysfunction.
→ Standard scores for impulse control and consistency
of response are significantly worse in quarter 1 than quarter 2. This
could be indicative of excessive anxiety.
→ Standard scores for sustained attention, impulse
control and speed of response are significantly worse in quarter 3 than
quarter 4. This could be indicative of excessive anxiety or
obsessive-compulsive traits, which result in difficulty changing tasks.
→ Significant omission errors (standard score
< 70) in quarter(s) 1 and 2 may be associated with neurological
immaturity or dysfunction, including sleep disorders. Ask subject whether missed
targets were seen, and look for clusters of Omission Errors in the Response Time
graph. These might indicate absence seizures or narcolepsy. Excessive
Omission Errors might also reflect visual deficits. Consider assessment by a
developmental optometrist.
The arrow '→' indicates a rule has been triggered. Green type color
indicates no occurrences in data regarding that section.
NOTE FROM EEGEXPERT : PRE/POST IS ALWAYS INCLUDED ON THE PRINTED REPORT, EVEN
IF THERE IS ONLY ONE UPLOADED TOVA PRESENT FOR THE SUBJECT.
EEG EXPERT REPORT ON T.O.V.A.® Visual Test
Page 7
Name: Example Subject Date:
02/15/02 Session: 01
PRE/POST ANALYSIS
List of reports available for
'Example Subject' : Note: sorted by test date, the first test will
appear in the front row
Front row - Example Subject, Ses=01
testdate=02/15/02 by sfo, created=9/1/2002 2:20 PM (PAC) Row
#2 - Example Subject, Ses=02 testdate=06/10/02 by sfo, created=9/1/2002
2:22 PM (PAC)
This information is
presented for reference only and is not designed to be a diagnosis, or a
suggestion for a course of treatment. This information is intended solely for
use by an experienced biofeedback professional.
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)
.png)